S1455X CFTR mutation and upper airway colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

confirm anatomical continuity between the tumor and the renal vein and the vena cava. Treatment of choice is surgery, and outcome in the absence of intervention is poor. In the case reported here, it was difficult to confirm anatomical continuity since the patient had undergone hysterectomy and double adnexectomy 2 years previously. The prognosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma is good, and its evolution and behavior cannot be compared to the considerably more aggressive renal cancer. In the case of IVC and intracardiac thrombi, surgery is recommended for excision of the tumor thrombosis, with or without IVC resection, in order to prevent sudden death due to pulmonary embolism or the development of congestive heart failure or death due to acute valvular obstruction.4 We did not find any published cases of patients treated with anticoagulation only. To conclude, it is safe to say that although surgery is the treatment of choice for IVC and/or intracardiac tumor thrombosis, for patients with advanced or inoperable disease or those who refuse surgery, chronic anticoagulation may also be a valid treatment option. In our view, there are probably many cases in which tumor thrombosis coexists with non-tumor thrombosis: it is easy to imagine that a lumen occupied by a tumor will favor the development of non-tumor thrombosis. This would explain the almost complete resolution of our case with anticoagulant treatment. References